A simple analytical model of the nocturnal low-level jet over the great plains of the United States

A simple analytical model including both diurnal thermal forcing over sloping terrain (the "Holton" mechanism) and diurnally varying boundary layer friction (the "Blackadar" mechanism) is developed to account for the observed amplitude and phase of the low-level jet (LLJ) over the Great Plains and to understand better the role of each mechanism. The present model indicates that, for the pure Holton mechanism (time-independent friction coefficient), the maximum southerly wind speed ymax occurs (depending on the assumed friction coefficient) between sunset and midnight local standard time, which is earlier than the observed after-midnight maximum. For the pure Blackadar mechanism (time-independent thermal forcing), the present model shows that υ_max generally occurs later (closer to sunrise) than observed and has a strong latitudinal dependence. For both mechanisms combined, the present model indicates that υ_max occurs near to the observed time, which lies between the time obtained in the pure Holton mechanism and the time obtained in the pure Blackadar mechanism; furthermore, υ_max is larger (and closer to that observed) than in each one considered individually. The amplitude and phase of the LLJ as a function of latitude can be obtained by the combinedmodel by allowing for the observed latitude-dependent mean and diurnally varying thermal forcing.