Analysis of the atmospheric water cycle for the laurentian great lakes region using CMIP6 models

This study evaluates the historical climatology and future changes of the atmospheric water cycle for the Laurentian Great Lakes region using 15models from phase 6 of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP6).While the models have unique seasonal characteristics in the historical (1981-2010) simulations, common patterns emerge in themidcentury SSP2-4.5 scenario (2041-70), including a prevalent shift in the precipitation seasonal cycle with summer drying and wetter winter and spring months, and a ubiquitous increase in the magnitudes of convective precipitation, evapotranspiration, and moisture inflow into the region. The seasonal cycle of moisture flux convergence is amplified (i.e., themagnitude of winter convergence and summer divergence increases), which is the primary driver of future total precipitation changes. The precipitation recycling ratio is also projected to decline in summer and increase in winter by midcentury, signifying a larger contribution of the regional moisture (via evapotranspiration) to total precipitation in the colder months. Most models (10/15) either do not represent the Great Lakes or have major inconsistencies in how the lakes are simulated both in terms of spatial representation and treatment of lake processes. In models with some lake presence, the contribution of lake grid cells to the regional evapotranspiration magnitude can be more than 50% in winter. In the future, winter months have a larger increase in evaporation over water surfaces than the surrounding land,which corroborates past findings of sensitivity of deep lakes to climatewarming and highlights the importance of lake representation in these models for reliable regional hydroclimatic assessments.