Energetic proton back-precipitation onto the solar atmosphere in relation to long-duration gamma-ray flares

Context. Gamma-ray emission during long-duration gamma-ray flare (LDGRF) events is thought to be caused mainly by > 300 MeV protons interacting with the ambient plasma at or near the photosphere. Prolonged periods of the gamma-ray emission have prompted the suggestion that the source of the energetic protons is acceleration at a coronal mass ejection (CME)-driven shock, followed by particle back-precipitation onto the solar atmosphere over extended times. Aims. We study the latter hypothesis using test particle simulations, which allow us to investigate whether scattering associated with turbulence aids particles in overcoming the effect of magnetic mirroring, which impedes back-precipitation by reflecting particles as they travel sunwards. Methods. The instantaneous precipitation fraction, P, the proportion of protons that successfully precipitate for injection at a fixed height, ri, is studied as a function of scattering mean free path, λ and ri. Upper limits to the total precipitation fraction, P¯, were calculated for eight LDGRF events for moderate scattering conditions (λ = 0.1 AU). Results. We find that the presence of scattering helps back-precipitation compared to the scatter-free case, although at very low λ values outward convection with the solar wind ultimately dominates. For eight LDGRF events, due to strong mirroring, P¯ is very small, between 0.56 and 0.93% even in the presence of scattering. Conclusions. Time-extended acceleration and large total precipitation fractions, as seen in the observations, cannot be reconciled for a moving shock source according to our simulations. Therefore, it is not possible to obtain both long duration γ ray emission and efficient precipitation within this scenario. These results challenge the CME shock source scenario as the main mechanism for γ ray production in LDGRFs.