Five shifts to rethink urban heat assessment and action

Urban heat risk is intensifying, yet many cities continue to rely on static assessment approaches that inadequately capture how risk evolves spatiotemporally. We argue for a more dynamic and context-sensitive approach to urban heat assessment and action. We outline five shifts that recognize the interacting roles of hazard, exposure, vulnerability, and adaptive responses, and propose a decision-support framework to support more targeted, equitable, and actionable urban heat preparedness and adaptation.