Impact of Changing Winds on the Mauna Loa CO₂ Seasonal Cycle in Relation to the Pacific Decadal Oscillation

Long-term measurements at the Mauna Loa Observatory (MLO) show that the CO₂ seasonal cycle amplitude (SCA) increased from 1959 to 2019 at an overall rate of 0.22 (Formula presented.) 0.034 ppm decade⁻¹ while also varying on interannual to decadal time scales. These SCA changes are a signature of changes in land ecological CO₂ fluxes as well as shifting winds. Simulations with the TM3 tracer transport model and CO₂ fluxes from the Jena CarboScope CO₂ Inversion suggest that shifting winds alone have contributed to a decrease in SCA of −0.10 (Formula presented.) 0.022 ppm decade⁻¹ from 1959 to 2019, partly offsetting the observed long-term SCA increase associated with enhanced ecosystem net primary production. According to these simulations and MIROC-ACTM simulations, the shorter-term variability of MLO SCA is nearly equally driven by varying ecological CO₂ fluxes (49%) and varying winds (51%). We also show that the MLO SCA is strongly correlated with the Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO) due to varying winds, as well as with a closely related wind index (U-PDO). Since 1980, 44% of the wind-driven SCA decrease has been tied to a secular trend in the U-PDO, which is associated with a progressive weakening of westerly winds at 700 mbar over the central Pacific from 20°N to 40°N. Similar impacts of varying winds on the SCA are seen in simulations at other low-latitude Pacific stations, illustrating the difficulty of constraining trend and variability of land CO₂ fluxes using observations from low latitudes due to the complexity of circulation changes.