NO_x emissions constraints from GEMS NO₂ retrievals: Inversion methodology and air quality model evaluation in Bangkok using ASIA-AQ multi-platform observations

Nitrogen Dioxide (NO₂) is a key component of tropospheric chemistry and air quality, yet large uncertainties persist in regional NO_x emissions across rapidly developing megacities in Southeast Asia. Observations from the Geostationary Emissions Monitoring Spectrometer (GEMS) provide new constraints on anthropogenic NO₂ variability, while the 2024 NASA Airborne and Satellite Investigation of Asian Air Quality (ASIA-AQ) campaign, offers an extensive, independent dataset for model evaluation. Here, we examine air quality in Bangkok using coarse (20 km) and high-resolution (4 km) WRF-Chem simulations during ASIA-AQ. We develop a top-down framework that uses hourly GEMS NO₂ columns to derive constraints on the daytime cycle of NO_x emissions. Emissions are first estimated from GEMS using a Cross-Sectional Flux (CSF) inversion and then incorporated into WRF-Chem through a novel optimization that reshapes the magnitude and daytime structure of NO_x while accounting for lifetime and satellite vertical sensitivity. GEMS-constrained NO_x emissions for March 2024 are estimated to range from 2.7 to 4.3 kt month-1 after accounting for known low biases in the GEMS retrievals. Re-running WRF-Chem with the updated emissions leads to substantial improvements in modeled NO₂ magnitude and temporal variability when evaluated against independent ground-based, Pandora, and airborne measurements. Remaining negative biases are consistent with a systematic low bias in the GEMS v3 NO₂ product, highlighting the importance of multi-platform evaluation using independent observations. Together, these results demonstrate the value of hourly geostationary observations combined with high-resolution modeling as a scalable pathway for improving urban NO_x emissions estimates and air quality simulations in Southeast Asia.