On the Inverse Correlation Between the Thermosphere Winter Helium Bulge and Solar Activity: Impact of Gravity Wave Drag From the Mesosphere

Understanding the temporal and spatial variations in the ideal inert tracer helium can provide insight into the dynamic evolution of the thermosphere. The magnitude of the thermospheric winter helium bulge was inversely correlated with the level of solar activity. However, this feature has been found to be not reproduced by the Thermosphere-Ionosphere Electrodynamic General Circulation Model (TIEGCM), and the associated physical mechanisms remain unknown. Using the Thermosphere-Ionosphere-Mesosphere Electrodynamic General Circulation Model (TIME-GCM), we found that mesospheric gravity wave drag (GWD) is a factor contributing to this inverse correlation. Specifically, the summer-to-winter circulation in thermosphere becomes the main cause of the helium bulge, as mesospheric GWD can play a role in strengthening this circulation. The GWD contributions to temperature change below the lower thermosphere do not depend prominently on solar activity. However, because the temperature impacts on the pressure gradient force are height-integrated according to the background temperature of the neutral gas, the higher background temperature in the thermosphere at the solar maximum corresponds to a relatively weaker response in pressure gradient force in the thermosphere. Therefore, the response of the thermospheric circulation that might be expected to accompany increasing solar activity is suppressed due to the influence of mesospheric GWD, which results in a decrease in the magnitude of the winter helium bulge with increasing solar activity. Thus, our results demonstrated that lower atmosphere forcing can play a significant role in the response of thermospheric helium to solar activity.