TY - JOUR
T1 - QBOi El Niño-Southern Oscillation experiments
T2 - Overview of the experimental design and ENSO modulation of the QBO
AU - Kawatani, Yoshio
AU - Hamilton, Kevin
AU - Watanabe, Shingo
AU - Taguchi, Masakazu
AU - Serva, Federico
AU - Anstey, James A.
AU - Richter, Jadwiga H.
AU - Butchart, Neal
AU - Orbe, Clara
AU - Osprey, Scott M.
AU - Naoe, Hiroaki
AU - Elsbury, Dillon
AU - Chen, Chih Chieh
AU - García-Serrano, Javier
AU - Glanville, Anne
AU - Kerzenmacher, Tobias
AU - Lott, François
AU - Palmeiro, Froila M.
AU - Park, Mijeong
AU - Versick, Stefan
AU - Yoshida, Kohei
N1 - Publisher Copyright:
Copyright © 2025 Yoshio Kawatani et al.
PY - 2025/10/6
Y1 - 2025/10/6
N2 - The Atmospheric Processes And their Role in Climate (APARC) Quasi-Biennial Oscillation initiative (QBOi) has conducted new experiments to explore the modulation of the QBO by El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO). This paper provides an overview of the experimental design and investigates the modulation of the QBO by ENSO using nine climate models used in QBOi. A key finding is a consistent lengthening of the QBO period during La Niña compared to El Niño across all models, aligning with observational evidence. Although several models simulate QBO periods that deviate from the observed mean of approximately 28 months, the relative difference between La Niña and El Niño remains interpretable within each model. The simulated QBO periods during La Niña tend to be longer than those during El Niño, although, in most models, the differences are small compared to that observed. However, the magnitude of this lengthening shows large inter-model differences. By contrast, even the sign of the ENSO effect on QBO amplitude varies among models. Models employing variable parameterized gravity wave sources generally exhibit greater sensitivity of the QBO amplitude to the presence of ENSO than those models using fixed sources. The models capture key observed ENSO-related characteristics, including a weaker Walker circulation and increased equatorial precipitation during El Niño compared to La Niña, as well as a characteristic response in zonal mean zonal wind and temperature. All models also simulate stronger equatorial tropical upwelling in El Niño compared to La Niña up to ∼ 10 hPa, consistent with ERA5 reanalysis. These modulations influence the propagation and filtering of gravity waves. Notably, models with variable parameterized gravity wave sources show stronger wave forcing during El Niño, potentially explaining the shorter QBO period modulation in these models. Further investigation into the complex interplay between ENSO, gravity waves, and the QBO can contribute to improved model formulations.
AB - The Atmospheric Processes And their Role in Climate (APARC) Quasi-Biennial Oscillation initiative (QBOi) has conducted new experiments to explore the modulation of the QBO by El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO). This paper provides an overview of the experimental design and investigates the modulation of the QBO by ENSO using nine climate models used in QBOi. A key finding is a consistent lengthening of the QBO period during La Niña compared to El Niño across all models, aligning with observational evidence. Although several models simulate QBO periods that deviate from the observed mean of approximately 28 months, the relative difference between La Niña and El Niño remains interpretable within each model. The simulated QBO periods during La Niña tend to be longer than those during El Niño, although, in most models, the differences are small compared to that observed. However, the magnitude of this lengthening shows large inter-model differences. By contrast, even the sign of the ENSO effect on QBO amplitude varies among models. Models employing variable parameterized gravity wave sources generally exhibit greater sensitivity of the QBO amplitude to the presence of ENSO than those models using fixed sources. The models capture key observed ENSO-related characteristics, including a weaker Walker circulation and increased equatorial precipitation during El Niño compared to La Niña, as well as a characteristic response in zonal mean zonal wind and temperature. All models also simulate stronger equatorial tropical upwelling in El Niño compared to La Niña up to ∼ 10 hPa, consistent with ERA5 reanalysis. These modulations influence the propagation and filtering of gravity waves. Notably, models with variable parameterized gravity wave sources show stronger wave forcing during El Niño, potentially explaining the shorter QBO period modulation in these models. Further investigation into the complex interplay between ENSO, gravity waves, and the QBO can contribute to improved model formulations.
UR - https://www.scopus.com/pages/publications/105018180807
U2 - 10.5194/wcd-6-1045-2025
DO - 10.5194/wcd-6-1045-2025
M3 - Article
AN - SCOPUS:105018180807
SN - 2698-4016
VL - 6
SP - 1045
EP - 1073
JO - Weather and Climate Dynamics
JF - Weather and Climate Dynamics
IS - 4
ER -