Rapid scan views of convectively generated mesovortices in sheared tropical cyclone Gustav (2002)

On 9-10 September 2002, multiple mesovortices were captured in great detail by rapid scan visible satellite imagery in subtropical, then later, Tropical Storm Gustav. These mesovortices were observed as low-level cloud swirls while the low-level structure of the storm was exposed due to vertical shearing. They are shown to form most plausibly via vortex tube stretching associated with deep convection; they become decoupled from the convective towers by vertical shear; they are advected with the low-level circulation; finally they initiate new hot towers on their boundaries. Partial evidence of an axisymmetrizing mesovortex and its hypothesized role in the parent vortex spinup is presented. Observations from the mesoscale and synoptic scale are synthesized to provide a multiscale perspective of the intensification of Gustav that occurred on 10 September. The most important large-scale factors were the concurrent relaxation of the 850-200-hPa-deep layer vertical wind shear from 10-15 to 5-10 m s^-1 and movement over pockets of very warm sea surface temperatures (approximately 29.5°-30.5°C). The mesoscale observations are not sufficient alone to determine the precise role of the deep convection and mesovortices in the intensification. However, qualitative comparisons are made between the mesoscale processes observed in Gustav and recent full-physics and idealized numerical simulations to obtain additional insight.