Systems Approach to Polarization Calibration for the Daniel K. Inouye Solar Telescope (DKIST)

The Daniel K. Inouye Solar Telescope (DKIST) advances studies of solar magnetism through high-precision and accuracy in polarimetry at frontier spatial and temporal scales. A system model for polarization response in azimuth and altitude has been developed to calibrate DKIST instruments. The DKIST team has developed several new modeling and performance-estimation techniques coupled with thorough metrology. These efforts ensure that quality polarimetry is delivered to meet stringent accuracy requirements. A custom spectropolarimetric calibration system was designed, installed, and used to perform end-to-end calibration of the telescope using the beam within the Cryo-NIRSP instrument. Extensive optical and polarization characterization efforts allow for the reduction of systematic errors within a detailed system model that includes elliptical calibration retarders. Coating witness samples for every relevant optic in the system have been measured. Aperture-dependent variations in polarizer, retarder, and optic-coating performance have been measured and used to simulate both the polarization dependence on field angle and errors within the optical-system model. Multiple observations on-Sun and with a calibration lamp agree well with each other and with the system model. Upcoming multi-instrument observations are expected to be well calibrated with detailed understanding of major error limitations.