TY - JOUR
T1 - The GFDL-CM4X Climate Model Hierarchy, Part II
T2 - Case Studies
AU - Griffies, Stephen M.
AU - Adcroft, Alistair
AU - Beadling, Rebecca L.
AU - Bushuk, Mitchell
AU - Chang, Chiung Yin
AU - Drake, Henri F.
AU - Dussin, Raphael
AU - Hallberg, Robert W.
AU - Hurlin, William J.
AU - Khatri, Hemant
AU - Krasting, John P.
AU - Lobo, Matthew
AU - MacGilchrist, Graeme A.
AU - Reichl, Brandon G.
AU - Sane, Aakash
AU - Sergienko, Olga
AU - Sonnewald, Maike
AU - Steinberg, Jacob M.
AU - Tesdal, Jan Erik
AU - Thomas, Matthew
AU - Turner, Katherine E.
AU - Ward, Marshall L.
AU - Winton, Michael
AU - Zadeh, Niki
AU - Zanna, Laure
AU - Zhang, Rong
AU - Zhang, Wenda
AU - Zhao, Ming
N1 - Publisher Copyright:
© 2025 Crown copyright and The Author(s). Journal of Advances in Modeling Earth Systems published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of American Geophysical Union. This article is published with the permission of the Controller of HMSO and the King's Printer for Scotland. This article has been contributed to by U.S. Government employees and their work is in the public domain in the USA.
PY - 2025/10
Y1 - 2025/10
N2 - This paper is Part II of a two-part paper that documents the Climate Model version 4X (CM4X) hierarchy of coupled climate models developed at the Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory. Part I of this paper is presented in Griffies et al. (2025a, https://doi.org/10.1029/2024MS004861). Here we present a suite of case studies that examine ocean and sea ice features that are targeted for further research, which include sea level, eastern boundary upwelling, Arctic and Southern Ocean sea ice, Southern Ocean circulation, and North Atlantic circulation. The case studies are based on experiments that follow the protocol of version 6 from the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project. The analysis reveals a systematic improvement in the simulation fidelity of CM4X relative to its CM4.0 predecessor, as well as an improvement when refining the ocean/sea ice horizontal grid spacing from the (Formula presented.) of CM4X-p25 to the (Formula presented.) of CM4X-p125. Even so, there remain many outstanding biases, thus pointing to the need for further grid refinements, enhancements to numerical methods, and/or advances in parameterizations, each of which target long-standing model biases and limitations.
AB - This paper is Part II of a two-part paper that documents the Climate Model version 4X (CM4X) hierarchy of coupled climate models developed at the Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory. Part I of this paper is presented in Griffies et al. (2025a, https://doi.org/10.1029/2024MS004861). Here we present a suite of case studies that examine ocean and sea ice features that are targeted for further research, which include sea level, eastern boundary upwelling, Arctic and Southern Ocean sea ice, Southern Ocean circulation, and North Atlantic circulation. The case studies are based on experiments that follow the protocol of version 6 from the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project. The analysis reveals a systematic improvement in the simulation fidelity of CM4X relative to its CM4.0 predecessor, as well as an improvement when refining the ocean/sea ice horizontal grid spacing from the (Formula presented.) of CM4X-p25 to the (Formula presented.) of CM4X-p125. Even so, there remain many outstanding biases, thus pointing to the need for further grid refinements, enhancements to numerical methods, and/or advances in parameterizations, each of which target long-standing model biases and limitations.
KW - coupled models of the climate system
KW - earth system modeling
KW - global climate models
KW - oceans
UR - https://www.scopus.com/pages/publications/105019345157
U2 - 10.1029/2024MS004862
DO - 10.1029/2024MS004862
M3 - Article
AN - SCOPUS:105019345157
SN - 1942-2466
VL - 17
JO - Journal of Advances in Modeling Earth Systems
JF - Journal of Advances in Modeling Earth Systems
IS - 10
M1 - e2024MS004862
ER -