Thermally-forced mean mass circulations in the Northern Hemisphere.

A diagnostic approach to infer three-dimensional distributions of the thermally-forced, time-averaged horizontal mass and energy tranport, which was previously applied in the Southern Hemisphere, is used to determine the corresponding Northern Hemisphere circulations. The results highlight the large-scale coupling of the Northern Hemisphere heat source and heat sink regions by Hadley- type and Walker-type circulations. The zonally-averaged mass circulation exhibits a thermally direct, meridional cell spanning the entire hemisphere in winter.-from Authors