Toward constraining regional-scale fluxes of CO₂ with atmospheric observations over a continent: 1. Observed spatial variability from airborne platforms

We analyze the spatial variability of CO₂ measurements from aircraft platforms, including extensive observations acquired over North America during the CO₂ Budget and Rectification Airborne (COBRA) study in 2000. The COBRA data set is unique in its dense spatial coverage and extensive profiling in the lower atmosphere. Strong signatures of CO₂ fluxes at the land surface were observed in the active and relic mixed layers of the atmosphere (up to ∼20 ppm gradients). Free tropospheric CO₂ exhibited significantly less variability except in areas affected by convective transport. Statistical analyses of the COBRA data indicate that CO₂ mixed-layer averages can be determined from vertical profiles with an accuracy of approximately ±0.2 ppm, limited by atmospheric variance. Analysis of the associated representation error suggests that models require horizontal resolution smaller than ∼30 km to fully resolve spatial variations of atmospheric CO₂ in the boundary layer over the continent. To provide a global context for these data, we analyzed the GLOBALVIEW marine boundary layer (MBL) reference CO₂. Comparison of the MBL reference with extensive aircraft data extending over 20 years, covering the whole troposphere over the northern Pacific, shows significant seasonal biases of up to 2 ppm in the free troposphere, indicating that the MBL reference is a suitable boundary condition only for some applications. The spatial variability Of CO₂ revealed by the COBRA-2000 calls for a suitable analysis framework to derive regional and continental fluxes, presented in a companion paper. The problem requires boundary conditions constrained by both surface and upper tropospheric observations and constraints on terrestrial fluxes that exploit the information content of the highly variable CO₂ distribution over land.