Towards a human factors ontology for cyber security

Traditional cybersecurity risk assessment is reactive and based on business risk assessment approach. The 2014 NIST Cybersecurity Framework provides businesses with an organizational tool to catalog cybersecurity efforts and areas that need additional support. As part of an on-going effort to develop a holistic, predictive cyber security risk assessment model, the characterization of human factors, which includes human behavior, is needed to understand how the actions of users, defenders (IT personnel), and attackers affect cybersecurity risk. Trust has been found to be a crucial element affecting an individual's role within a cyber system. The use of trust as a human factor in holistic cybersecurity risk assessment relies on an understanding how differing mental models, risk postures, and social biases impact the level trust given to an individual and the biases affecting the ability to give said trust. The Human Factors Ontology illustrates the individual characteristics, situational characteristics, and relationships that influence the trust given to an individual. Furthering the incorporation of ontologies into the science of cybersecurity will help decision-makers build the foundation needed for predictive and quantitative risk assessments.