Universal Time Influence on Stormtime Magnetosphere Ionosphere Coupling

The offset between Earth's magnetic and rotational axes introduces a diurnal dependence in the high-latitude EUV exposure of the northern hemisphere (NH) and southern hemisphere (SH). This variation raises the question: Does the Universal Time (UT) of geomagnetic storm onset impact its geospace consequences? To address this question, we used the Multiscale Atmosphere-Geospace Environment (MAGE) model to simulate the 10 October 2024, geomagnetic storm—the year's second strongest (SYM-H minimum of −346 nT). Since the storm occurred near equinox, we did not expect, but found, significant interhemispheric asymmetries in magnetosphere-ionosphere-thermosphere (M-I-T) coupling parameters such as the cross-polar cap potential, hemispherically integrated field-aligned current, and hemispheric power of electron precipitation. Controlled simulations show that interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) (Formula presented.) and solar wind (Formula presented.) have negligible effects on these asymmetries, whereas the EUV variation arising from the diurnal dipole tilt produces noticeable interhemispheric differences. Coincidentally, during this storm, IMF B_z turned southward when the SH was tilted toward the Sun, and it maintained this orientation for 12 hr. A controlled simulation with storm onset shifted by 12 hr exhibits a substantial reduction in interhemispheric asymmetry. Differences in integrated Joule heating power and the SML/SMU indices also occurred with the shifted onset, underscoring the importance of UT in stormtime magnetosphere-ionosphere coupling.