Validation of the coupled NCEP Mesoscale Spectral Model and an advanced land surface model over the Hawaiian Islands. Part II: A high wind event

A high wind event (14-15 February 2001) over the Hawaiian Islands associated with a cold front is simulated using the National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) Mesoscale Spectral Model (MSM) coupled with an advanced land surface model (LSM). During this period, a strong high pressure cell moved to the northeast of the Hawaiian Islands following the passage of the cold front. The cell then merged with the semipermanent subtropical high and resulted in windy conditions across the state of Hawaii. Analyses of soundings from Lihue on Kauai and Hilo on the Big Island reveal a mean-state critical level below 400 hPa, a strong cross-barrier flow (∼13 m s^-1), and the presence of a trade wind inversion. The MSM-LSM predicts downslope windstorms on the lee sides of mountains or ridges with tops beneath the trade wind inversion and within ocean channels between islands. In the case of high mountains with a peak height above the trade wind inversion, weak winds are simulated on the lee side. Around the corners of the islands and in gaps between mountains, gap winds and downslope windstorms are both important for the development of localized leeside windstorms. The localized windstorms over the Hawaiian Islands develop as a result of interactions between large-scale airflow and the complex local topography. Since the terrain is not adequately resolved by the 10-km RSM-LSM, it is no surprise that these windstorms are better simulated by the high-resolution nonhydrostatic MSM-LSM than the 10-km RSM-LSM.